最近在整理外接硬碟的檔案，想把整顆 500GB 硬碟的資料複製到另一顆新硬碟，想起以前看過 Windows 7 有個內建指令可以加速這個工作：robocopy。
這指令名字很好記，跟【機器戰警】RoboCop 只差了一個字 XD。實際上這個指令從 Windows Vista 就開始內建了，其他 Windows 作業系統則要另外安裝微軟提供的套件才有。
先進入 “命令提示列” (command prompt)。為什麼台灣微軟要翻個這麼奇怪的名字?
$ 開始 → 執行 → cmd輸入以下指令會顯示使用說明
robocopy /?這個指令的格式是這樣的
Usage :: ROBOCOPY source destination [file [file]...] [options]
source :: Source Directory (drive:\path or \\server\share\path).
destination :: Destination Dir (drive:\path or \\server\share\path).
file :: File(s) to copy (names/wildcards: default is "*.*").各種參數的說明如下 (取自微軟官方說明文件)：
::
:: Copy options :
::
/S :: copy Subdirectories, but not empty ones.
/E :: copy subdirectories, including Empty ones.
/LEV:n :: only copy the top n LEVels of the source directory tree.
/Z :: copy files in restartable mode.
/B :: copy files in Backup mode.
/ZB :: use restartable mode; if access denied use Backup mode.
/EFSRAW :: copy all encrypted files in EFS RAW mode.
/COPY:copyflag[s] :: what to COPY for files (default is /COPY:DAT).
(copyflags : D=Data, A=Attributes, T=Timestamps).
(S=Security=NTFS ACLs, O=Owner info, U=aUditing info).
/DCOPY:T :: COPY Directory Timestamps.
/SEC :: copy files with SECurity (equivalent to /COPY:DATS).
/COPYALL :: COPY ALL file info (equivalent to /COPY:DATSOU).
/NOCOPY :: COPY NO file info (useful with /PURGE).
/SECFIX :: FIX file SECurity on all files, even skipped files.
/TIMFIX :: FIX file TIMes on all files, even skipped files.
/PURGE :: delete dest files/dirs that no longer exist in source.
/MIR :: MIRror a directory tree (equivalent to /E plus /PURGE).
/MOV :: MOVe files (delete from source after copying).
/MOVE :: MOVE files AND dirs (delete from source after copying).
/A+:[RASHCNET] :: add the given Attributes to copied files.
/A-:[RASHCNET] :: remove the given Attributes from copied files.
/CREATE :: CREATE directory tree and zero-length files only.
/FAT :: create destination files using 8.3 FAT file names only.
/256 :: turn off very long path (> 256 characters) support.
/MON:n :: MONitor source; run again when more than n changes seen.
/MOT:m :: MOnitor source; run again in m minutes Time, if changed.
/RH:hhmm-hhmm :: Run Hours - times when new copies may be started.
/PF :: check run hours on a Per File (not per pass) basis.
/IPG:n :: Inter-Packet Gap (ms), to free bandwidth on slow lines.
/SL :: copy symbolic links versus the target.
/MT[:n] :: Do multi-threaded copies with n threads (default 8).
n must be at least 1 and not greater than 128.
This option is incompatible with the /IPG and /EFSRAW options.
Redirect output using /LOG option for better performance.
::
:: File Selection Options :
::
/A :: copy only files with the Archive attribute set.
/M :: copy only files with the Archive attribute and reset it.
/IA:[RASHCNETO] :: Include only files with any of the given Attributes set.
/XA:[RASHCNETO] :: eXclude files with any of the given Attributes set.
/XF file [file]... :: eXclude Files matching given names/paths/wildcards.
/XD dirs [dirs]... :: eXclude Directories matching given names/paths.
/XC :: eXclude Changed files.
/XN :: eXclude Newer files.
/XO :: eXclude Older files.
/XX :: eXclude eXtra files and directories.
/XL :: eXclude Lonely files and directories.
/IS :: Include Same files.
/IT :: Include Tweaked files.
/MAX:n :: MAXimum file size - exclude files bigger than n bytes.
/MIN:n :: MINimum file size - exclude files smaller than n bytes.
/MAXAGE:n :: MAXimum file AGE - exclude files older than n days/date.
/MINAGE:n :: MINimum file AGE - exclude files newer than n days/date.
/MAXLAD:n :: MAXimum Last Access Date - exclude files unused since n.
/MINLAD:n :: MINimum Last Access Date - exclude files used since n.
(If n < 1900 then n = n days, else n = YYYYMMDD date).
/XJ :: eXclude Junction points. (normally included by default).
/FFT :: assume FAT File Times (2-second granularity).
/DST :: compensate for one-hour DST time differences.
/XJD :: eXclude Junction points for Directories.
/XJF :: eXclude Junction points for Files.
::
:: Retry Options :
::
/R:n :: number of Retries on failed copies: default 1 million.
/W:n :: Wait time between retries: default is 30 seconds.
/REG :: Save /R:n and /W:n in the Registry as default settings.
/TBD :: wait for sharenames To Be Defined (retry error 67).
::
:: Logging Options :
::
/L :: List only - don't copy, timestamp or delete any files.
/X :: report all eXtra files, not just those selected.
/V :: produce Verbose output, showing skipped files.
/TS :: include source file Time Stamps in the output.
/FP :: include Full Pathname of files in the output.
/BYTES :: Print sizes as bytes.
/NS :: No Size - don't log file sizes.
/NC :: No Class - don't log file classes.
/NFL :: No File List - don't log file names.
/NDL :: No Directory List - don't log directory names.
/NP :: No Progress - don't display percentage copied.
/ETA :: show Estimated Time of Arrival of copied files.
/LOG:file :: output status to LOG file (overwrite existing log).
/LOG+:file :: output status to LOG file (append to existing log).
/UNILOG:file :: output status to LOG file as UNICODE (overwrite existing log).
/UNILOG+:file :: output status to LOG file as UNICODE (append to existing log).
/TEE :: output to console window, as well as the log file.
/NJH :: No Job Header.
/NJS :: No Job Summary.
/UNICODE :: output status as UNICODE.
::
:: Job Options :
::
/JOB:jobname :: take parameters from the named JOB file.
/SAVE:jobname :: SAVE parameters to the named job file
/QUIT :: QUIT after processing command line (to view parameters).
/NOSD :: NO Source Directory is specified.
/NODD :: NO Destination Directory is specified.
/IF :: Include the following Files.
雖然有使用說明，但實際上的操作還是要摸索一下才知道怎麼組合適當的參數。我的需求是把 硬碟 F: 的全部資料 (含資料夾與檔案) 複製到硬碟 J:，保留檔案時間，也不刪除 F: 上的資料。組合出來的參數如下：
robocopy F:\ J:\ /e /dcopy:t /xo /xa:sh /xj /unicode /eta /xd "$RECYCLE.BIN" "System Volume Information" "RECYCLER"Windows 系列的指令沒有分大小寫，所以全部打小寫也沒關係。這些參數所代表的意義是這樣的…
F:\ :: 檔案來源 硬碟 F: J:\ :: 檔案目的地 硬碟 J: /e :: 複製所有的子資料夾，包含空的資料夾。 /dcopy:t :: 保留所有檔案與資料夾的時間戳記。 /xo :: 如果已有相同的檔案，且時間相同或較舊就跳過。注意是 "叉歐"，不是 "叉零"。 /xa:sh :: 跳過屬性為 s (系統) 與 h (隱藏) 的檔案。因為是複製整個硬碟，預設 會連 Windows 隱藏的系統檔都複製過去，所以要排除。 /xj :: 跳過 NTFS junction 檔案，關於 junction 請參考這篇文章。 /unicode :: 畫面上的進度資訊以 unicode 顯示，若是操作非中文及英文檔名，這 參數可以正確顯示名稱。有無開啟並不影響檔案複製、移動等操作，只是差在畫面顯示 正不正確而已。 /eta :: 顯示預計完成時間。
ps. 這個指令跟其他的 dos / windows 指令不一樣的地方是檔案名稱並不是接在資料夾後面的，請參見本文最前面列出的指令格式。舉例來說，要複製 F:\MyDocuments 底下的 .txt、.bmp、.jpg 到 J:\backup，那指令要組合成…
robocopy F:\MyDocuments\ J:\backup\ *.txt *.bmp *.jpg反過來說，如果不想複製這些檔案，要加上參數 /xf
robocopy F:\MyDocuments\ J:\backup\ /xf *.txt *.bmp *.jpg大致上就是醬，這支指令能組合的參數變化還有非常非常多，是很實用的工具。
Leave a Reply